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FOB (Free on board) is an incoterm where the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment. The seller covers costs and risks until the goods are loaded on the ship, including export customs clearance. The buyer assumes responsibility for sea freight, insurance, and all costs and risks from the port of shipment to the final destination.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to an investment made by a company or individual from one country into business interests located in another country. It’s a long term investment typically involves significant ownership and control over the foreign business operations. FDI is a key driver of economic growth, providing
Learn moreForeign exchange (Forex) risk, also known as currency risk, refers to the potential financial loss that can occur due to fluctuations in exchange rates. Businesses and investors face forex risk when they hold assets or conduct transactions in foreign currencies. Effective risk management strategies (FX hedging) are essential to mitigate
Learn moreForms AR4/AR4A are documents used in India for the clearance of excisable goods for export. These forms certify that the goods are being exported without the payment of excise duty, provided they meet specific conditions. The forms ensure compliance with excise regulations, facilitate duty-free export, and are crucial for
Learn moreFourth-party logistics (4PL) refers to a logistics service provider that manages and integrates the entire supply chain on behalf of a client. A fourth-party logistics provider (4PL) offers a more comprehensive service by overseeing the entire supply chain, which encompasses not just fulfillment and shipping, but also transportation and technological
Learn moreA green clause letter of credit is a type of letter of credit that allows the beneficiary to receive an advance payment before shipping the goods. This arrangement provides the exporter with working capital while ensuring the buyer's interests are protected. From the buyer's perspective, a
Learn moreThe harmonized system (HS) code is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers for classifying traded products. Developed by the world customs organization (WCO), the HS code is used by customs authorities worldwide to identify goods, apply tariffs, and gather trade statistics. It ensures consistency and efficiency in international
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